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详解英语不定式(to do)的用法

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详解英语不定式(to do)的用法

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https://www.eol.cn/liuxue/kaoshi/20240420412654.html

不定式(to do)是英语中一个重要的语法结构,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等多种成分。本文将详细讲解不定式的构成、特征及其在句子中的各种用法,并通过大量例句帮助读者更好地理解和掌握不定式的使用。

动词不定式的构成与特征

动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,由"to+动词原形”构成,在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用,同时也保留动词的一些特征,可以带宾语或状语。具体来说:

  • 动词不定式: to do 相当于
  • ① 名词(可作主语)
  • ② 形容词(可作定语)
  • ③ 副词(可作状语)

不定式作主语

不定式可以在句子中作主语,例如:

  • To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.(这样做是削足适履。)
  • To subsidize artists and musicians is a wise measure to preserve the traditional culture.(资助艺术家和音乐家是保护传统文化的明智措施。)

在实际写作中,不定式作主语时,往往由“it”代替它作形式主语,不定式则移至谓语之后。例如:

  • It is no exaggeration to say that friendship is to people what perfume is to flowers.(可以毫不夸张地说,友谊对于人正如同芬芳对于花儿。)

不定式作宾语

不定式可以在句子中作宾语,例如:

  • As for those college students from economically humble background,governmental assistance could help to ease the financial burden of rising education costs.(对于贫困大学生,政府的援助可以缓解上涨的学费压力。)
  • I believe it best to leave the matter entirely to children's discretion.(我认为把这件事情完全交给孩子自行决定是比较好的做法。)

不定式作表语

不定式可以在句子中作表语,例如:

  • The next step is to ensure that all the children in developing countries can have free access to compulsory education.(下一步要确保发展中国家所有的孩子能接受义务教育。)
  • The first countermove is to lay down more rigid laws and regulations to deter the would be criminals.(第一个对策是制定更多严格的法律法规来阻止潜在的犯罪分子。)
  • What we should do is to absorb the essence and discard the dregs.(我们要做的是取其精粹,去其糟粕。)

不定式作定语

不定式可以在句子中作定语,例如:

  • The government should organise some large-scale campaigns to arouse people's awareness of environmental protection.(政府应组织一些大规模的活动来唤醒人们的环保意识。)
  • Nowadays, with the wide application of computers, many adults feel the pressing need to acquire commuter literacy.(现如今,随着电脑的广泛应用,许多成年人感到学习电脑知识的迫切需要。)
  • The Internet is a convenient way to convey information.(互联网作为传播信息的方式很方便。)

不定式作目的状语

不定式可以在句子中作目的状语,例如:

  • To associate/mingle with friends, we should be honest and open.(为了结交朋友,我们应当诚实并且开朗。)
  • Our government should take stronger and harsher measures to combat the littering behaviour.(我们的政府应当采取更强有力的措施来防止乱丢垃圾的行为。)

不定式作宾语补足语

不定式可以在句子中作宾语补足语,例如:

  • The 21st century requires us to be equipped with advanced knowledge.(21世纪要求我们用先进的知识武装自己。)
  • The fierce social competition makes people work and live under great pressure.(激烈的社会竞争迫使人们生活和工作在巨大的压力之下。)
  • Advanced intelligent machines such as robots enable people to work more efficiently and comfortably.(先进的智能机器如机器人能使人们工作得更加高效和舒适。)

常见错误示例

在使用不定式时,学生常犯以下错误:

  • He hoped his sister to lend him a hand.(误)
  • He hoped that his sister would lend him a hand.(正)
  • He demanded me to give up the chance.(误)
  • He demanded that I give up the chance.(正)
  • I suggested him not to go there alone.(误)
  • I suggested that he not go there alone.(正)

特殊注意

有些形容词不能用于“人称代词(it除外)+be+形容词+不定式”结构,雅思写作中常用的这些形容词有:probable, impossible, easy, hard, necessary, convenient等。例如:

  • He is probable to make mistakes.(误)
  • He is liable to make mistakes.(正)
  • I am impossible to finish it today.(误)
  • It is impossible for me to finish it today.(正)
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