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英语关系代词which, that和who的用法详解

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@小白创作中心

英语关系代词which, that和who的用法详解

引用
1
来源
1.
https://bigwords101.com/2017/blog/which-and-that-and-who-explained/

在英语学习中,关系代词which, that和who的使用常常让人感到困惑。本文将通过对比例句、分类说明和具体规则,帮助读者掌握这些词在限定性从句和非限定性从句中的正确使用方法。

我们讨论的不是以下这类句子:

  • Which of these toys are yours?(这些玩具中哪个是你的?)
  • That book is mine.(那本书是我的。)
  • Who is that girl?(那个女孩是谁?)

而是像下面这样的句子:

  • I am taking the flight that leaves at midnight.(我将乘坐午夜起飞的航班。)
  • My boss, who is a great athlete, plays tennis every day.(我的老板是一位优秀的运动员,每天都打网球。)
  • That green dress, which was on sale, matches my eyes.(那条打折的绿色连衣裙和我的眼睛很配。)

在第二组句子中,that, which和who作为特殊类型的代词(关系代词)使用。这些代词引导的从句(包含主语和谓语的词组)通常用来描述名词。

  • (I am taking the flight) that leaves at midnight - 描述的是"flight"(航班)。
  • (My boss) who is a great athlete - 描述的是"boss"(老板)。
  • (That green dress) which was on sale - 描述的是"dress"(连衣裙)。

关于that, which和who的使用规则,有些是黑白分明的,有些则较为模糊。

黑白分明的规则:

  1. Which和that用于事物和动物。
  2. Who用于人和有名字的动物。
  3. Which用于非限定性(非限制性)从句;that用于限定性(限制性)从句。
  4. 非限定性从句(which)需要用逗号隔开。

模糊地带:

  1. 有时可以省略that。什么时候可以?
  2. 有时可以用that指人。什么时候可以?

规则#1:黑白分明 - 使用which表示非限定性从句,使用that表示限定性从句

非限定性(非限制性)从句是附加信息,不影响句子的基本含义。这些从句以which或who开头,并用逗号括起来。限定性(限制性)从句对句子的含义至关重要,以that开头,没有逗号。

  • My twin sister, who is good at math, helps me with homework all the time.(我的双胞胎姐姐数学很好,经常帮我做作业。)这里逗号内的信息是额外的,不是必需的。
  • My sister who is good at math helps me with homework all the time.(数学好的姐姐经常帮我做作业。)这里没有逗号,暗示你可能有多个姐姐,我们说的是那个数学好的。
  • The Hobbit, which I have read three times, is also a movie.(《霍比特人》这本书我已经读了三遍,它也是一部电影。)读过三遍这个信息是额外的。
  • The book that is on the front desk is mine.(放在前台的那本书是我的。)这里需要从句来指明是哪本书。

规则#2:黑白分明 - 使用that和which指事物,使用who指人和有名字的动物

  • The girl who always sits in the back of the room is my best friend.(总是坐在教室后面的那个女孩是我最好的朋友。)
  • The cat that is sitting on the ledge belongs to my neighbor.(坐在窗台上的那只猫是我邻居的。)
  • Moe, who is my bulldog, is four years old.(Moe是我的斗牛犬,已经四岁了。)
  • That dog, which is a chihuahua, has been at the shelter for months.(那只吉娃娃已经在收容所待了好几个月了。)实际上这个有点模糊,称呼狗为who也没人会介意。

灰色地带:

有时可以省略that:

  1. 通常在say的后面可以省略that:He said (that) he was going to Europe.(他说他要去欧洲。)
    但如果时间有差异,就不能省略:The teacher said on Wednesday we will have a test.(老师说周三我们有考试。)需要明确是:
  • The teacher said that on Wednesday we will have a test.(老师说周三我们有考试。)
  • The teacher said on Wednesday that we will have a test.(老师在周三说我们有考试。)
  1. 在某些动词后面(包括但不限于declare, estimate, contend, point out, propose, state)最好使用that:
  • I declare that there is a problem.(我声明存在问题。)
  • I estimate that the chair is four feet wide.(我估计椅子宽四英尺。)
  • She contends that she was here early.(她坚持说她来得很早。)
  • I would like to point out that you have chores to do.(我想指出你有家务要做。)
  • She proposed that a new rule be adopted.(她提议采纳新规则。)
  • He stated that he did nothing wrong.(他说他没有做错任何事。)
  1. 在从句开头使用after, before, until和while时最好使用that:
  • She said that after they are finished, they will meet us.(她说他们完成之后会来见我们。)
  • I know that before dinner she had been out shopping.(我知道晚饭前她出去购物了。)
  • She said that until she was in third grade she couldn't read.(她说直到三年级她还不会阅读。)
  • He thought that while the game was on, he could take a nap.(他认为比赛期间可以小睡一下。)

记住,省略that总是正确的。所以不确定时,使用它。

另一个灰色地带:

通常使用who指人。如果谈论的是人群类型或组织,一般使用that或which。但如果指的是组织里的人,也可以使用who。

  • The tribes that are native to this area are listed here.(这里列出了本地区的土著部落。)
  • The School Board that was just elected will meet tonight.(新当选的校董会今晚开会。)
  • The School Board, who has helped us out with our fundraisers many times, is here tonight.(今晚到场的校董会多次帮助我们筹款。)

最后的建议:

That没有所有格形式,所以听起来虽然奇怪,但要用whose指人和事物:

  • The desk, whose drawers are missing, is being donated to the school.(缺少抽屉的书桌将捐赠给学校。)
  • The dog, whose litter mates have all been adopted, needs a good home.(它的兄弟姐妹都被领养了,这只狗需要一个好家。)
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