英语动词be的用法详解
英语动词be的用法详解
英语动词be的用法是英语学习中的重点和难点。本文将从多个方面详细讲解动词be的用法，包括其在进行时态、被动语态、不定式中的应用，以及there be结构的各种句式和用法。
英语动词be的用法
- be +现在分词，构成进行时态。如：
- They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
- We were planting trees this time yesterday. 我们昨天这个时候在植树。
- be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。如：
- The door was broken by Tom. 门是汤姆打破的。
- English is taught in our school. 我校教英语。
- be + 动词不定式，可表示：
A. 打算、决定、计划、安排等。如：
He is to visit Japan next week. 他决定下周访问日本。
I was to have told you yesterday, but you were not in. 我本打算昨天告诉你的，但你不在家。
B. 指示、命令、禁止等，即“必须，一定”。如：
You are to hand in the exercises tomorrow. 你们明天必须交练习。
You’re not to (=You mustn’t) smoke here. 你不可以在此处抽烟。
C. 责任、义务、需要，即“该不该”。如：
You are to (=should) report to the police. 你应该报警的。
Am I to go on with the work? 这工作我该不该继续干下去?
D. 可能性，与can, may相当，不定式多用被动式。如：
The book was not to (=could not) be found. 那本书可能找不到了。
E. 假设，用于虚拟条件句中。如：
If it were to rain, we would get wet. 要是下雨，我们就会淋湿。
F. 表示注定要发生或后来必然发生。如：
This experience was to change his life. 这次经历注定要改变他的生活。
注：不定式作表语与上述用法是不同的。如：
My idea is to go there today. 我的意思是今天就去那里。
含there be结构的几类重要句式
一、There is no / some / much / little difficulty / trouble with sth. 做某事(没) 有困难
- (1) There is some difficulty with the text. 这篇课文还有点困难。
- (2) There is little trouble with the matter. 这件事情没有什么麻烦。
二、There is no / some / little / much difficulty / trouble in + doing. 做某事有困难
- (1) There is much difficulty in finishing the work in the given time. 在规定的时间内完成这项工作还很困难。
- (2) There is no trouble in reading the article without a dictionary. 即使不用词典读这篇文章也不难。
三、There is no doubt about / of sth. 毫无疑问……
- (1) There is no doubt about his coming here. 毫无疑问，他会来。
- (2) There is no doubt of his words. 对他的话毋庸置疑。
四、There is no doubt that –clause. 毫无疑问……
- (1) There is no doubt that he has made great progress this year. 毫无疑问，他今年进了大步。
- (2) There is no doubt that he likes hunting. 毫无疑问，他喜欢狩猎。
五、There is no hurry (+ to do sth) 不用急于干某事
- (1) There is no hurry to leave, for it is early. 天还早，不要急于离开。
- (2) There is no hurry to answer this question, but use your head. 动动脑筋，不要急于回答这个问题。
六、There is no need for (sb. to do ) sth. 没有必要怎么样
- (1) There is no need for him to go there. 她没有必要去那儿。
- (2) There is no need for such a meeting. 没有必要开这样的会议。
七、There is no question about sth. 毫无疑问……
- (1) There is no question about his arrangement. 对他的安排毋庸置疑。
- (2) There is no question about what he said. 对他的话毋庸置疑。
八、There is no question of doing sth. 毫无疑问……
- (1) There is no question of his leaving for holiday. 他肯定去度假了。
- (2) There is no question of his inviting us to his party. 他肯定会邀请我们去参加他的聚会。
九、There is no sense in doing sth. 做某事没有道理或说不过去
- (1) There is no sense in forcing him to do what he doesn’t like to. 强迫他做他不喜欢做的事情没有道理。
- (2) There is no sense in leaving him alone when he is in trouble. 当他遇到困难时，扔下他不管，没有道理。
十、There is no point in doing sth. 做某事没有用
- (1) There is no point in regretting. 后悔没有用。
- (2) There is no point in reasoning with him. 跟他说道理没有用。
十一、There is no doing sth. 不可能……;无法……
- (1) There is no telling who will win the match. 无法断定比赛谁赢。
- (2) There is no giving you a reply before deciding it. 在决定前不可能给你答复。
there to be 结构用法详解
there to be 为 there be 结构的非谓语形式，有两种主要用法，一是用作动词的宾语，二是用作介词 for 的宾语。
- 用作动词的宾语
可接该结构作宾语的动词不多，常见的有like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider 等。如：
- I don't want there to be any misunderstanding. 我可不希望有任何误解。
- Students hate there to be too much homework. 学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。
- I expect there to be a big response to our advertisement. 我预料我们的广告会有很大的反响。
注意，在 let there be 结构中，动词 be 不带 to。如：
- Let there be no mistake about it. 不要误解我的意思。
- 用作介词for的宾语
用作介词宾语一般用 there being，但用作介词 for 的宾语时，要用 there to be。如：
- It was too late for there to be any buses. 太晚了，不会有公共汽车了。
- They asked for there to be another meeting. 他们要求再开一次会议。
- It’s important for there to be a fire escape at he back of the building. 房子后面要有一个安全通道，这很重要。
there be结构的be的活用
there be 结构中的be必须随着be后面名词的数及句子后面的时间，使用不同的形式或时态。如：
(1) There are fifty chairs, desks and a blackboard in our classroom. 我们的教室里有五十把椅子、五十张课桌和一块黑板。
(比较) There is a blackboard, fifty chairs and desks in our classroom. 我们教室里有一块黑板、五十把椅子和五十张课桌。
(2) There weren’t any high buildings in the village twenty years ago. 二十年前，村子里没有高楼大厦。
there be结构可与情态动词can, could, will, would, must, may, might, ought to 及某些不及物动词seem, appear, happen等连用，如：
(1) Do go into the hole, for there can be snakes in it. 不要进到洞里面去，因为洞里可能有蛇。
(2) The car doesn’t run. There must be something wrong with it. 车不走了，肯定出了毛病。
(3) There seemed to be some people in the room, for the water is still hot. 房间里原来似乎有人，因为水还是热的。
(4) There happened to be a policeman there. 碰巧那儿有个警察。
有时为了使句子表达生动，动词be 可换成 come, live, remain, stand, lie, appear, exist, seem, remain, …. 。如：
(1) Long ago, there lived a king who loved horses very much. 很久以前，有个非常喜欢马的国王。
(2) There stands a house on the top of the mountain. 山顶上有座房子。
(3) There exists some doubt in what he said. 在他所的话中有些疑点。
there be 结构不能跟 have(有) 连用，但可跟 have / has + 过去分词，或 have /has to + be / stand / lie 等动词原形等连用。如：
(1) The man liked to plant trees, and soon there have been tall trees around his house. 那个人喜欢种树，不久他房子的周围就有了很多大树。
(2) There has to be air and water on the planet for living things to live on. 在那颗行星上必须要有能使生物生存的空气和水。