问小白 wenxiaobai
资讯
历史
科技
环境与自然
成长
游戏
财经
文学与艺术
美食
健康
家居
文化
情感
汽车
三农
军事
旅行
运动
教育
生活
星座命理

英语语法详解:which、that和who的正确使用方法

创作时间:
作者:
@小白创作中心

英语语法详解:which、that和who的正确使用方法

引用
1
来源
1.
https://bigwords101.com/2017/blog/which-and-that-and-who-explained/

在英语语法中,"which"、"that"和"who"是三个容易混淆的代词。本文将详细解释它们的用法,帮助读者掌握这些相对代词的正确使用方法。

我们讨论的不是以下这类句子:

  • Which of these toys are yours?(这些玩具中哪个是你的?)
  • That book is mine.(那本书是我的。)
  • Who is that girl?(那个女孩是谁?)

而是像下面这样的句子:

  • I am taking the flight that leaves at midnight.(我将乘坐午夜起飞的航班。)
  • My boss, who is a great athlete, plays tennis every day.(我的老板是一位优秀的运动员,每天都打网球。)
  • That green dress, which was on sale, matches my eyes.(那条打折的绿色连衣裙和我的眼睛很配。)

在第二组句子中,"that"、"which"和"who"作为特殊类型的代词(相对代词)使用。这些代词引导的从句(包含主语和谓语的词组)通常用来描述名词。

  • (I am taking the flight) that leaves at midnight - 描述"flight"(航班)。
  • (My boss) who is a great athlete - 描述"boss"(老板)。
  • (That green dress) which was on sale - 描述"dress"(连衣裙)。

关于"which"、"that"和"who"的使用规则,有些是黑白分明的,有些则比较模糊。

黑白分明的规则

  1. "Which"和"that"用于事物和动物。
  2. "Who"用于人和有名字的动物。
  3. "Which"用于非必要性(非限定性)从句;"that"用于必要性(限定性)从句。
  4. 非必要性从句(which)周围使用逗号。

模糊的规则

  1. 有时可以省略"that"。什么时候可以?
  2. 有时可以用"that"指人。什么时候可以?

规则#1:黑白分明 - 使用"which"表示非必要性从句,使用"that"表示必要性从句

非必要性(非限定性)从句是附加信息,不影响句子的基本含义。这些从句以"which"(或"who")开头,并用逗号括起来。必要性(限定性)从句对句子的含义至关重要,以"that"开头,没有逗号。

  • My twin sister, who is good at math, helps me with homework all the time.(我的双胞胎姐姐数学很好,经常帮我做作业。)这里逗号内的信息是额外的,不是必需的。
  • My sister who is good at math helps me with homework all the time.(数学好的姐姐经常帮我做作业。)这里没有逗号,暗示你可能有多个姐姐,我们说的是那个数学好的。
  • The Hobbit, which I have read three times, is also a movie.(《霍比特人》我已经读了三遍,也是一部电影。)读过三遍这个信息是额外的。
  • The book that is on the front desk is mine.(前台的那本书是我的。)这里需要"that is on the front desk"来指明是哪本书。

规则#2:黑白分明 - 使用"that"和"which"指事物,使用"who"指人和有名字的动物

  • The girl who always sits in the back of the room is my best friend.(那个总是坐在教室后面的女孩是我最好的朋友。)
  • The cat that is sitting on the ledge belongs to my neighbor.(坐在窗台上的猫是我邻居的。)
  • Moe, who is my bulldog, is four years old.(Moe是我的斗牛犬,已经四岁了。)
  • That dog, which is a chihuahua, has been at the shelter for months.(那只吉娃娃已经在收容所待了几个月了。)实际上这有点模糊,但通常不会有人介意你称它为"who"。

灰色地带

有时你可以从必要性(限定性)从句中省略"that":

  1. 通常在动词"say"之后:He said (that) he was going to Europe.(他说他要去欧洲。)
    但是,如果时间有差异,就需要"that":
  • The teacher said on Wednesday we will have a test.(老师说周三我们有考试。)需要"that"。
  • The teacher said that on Wednesday we will have a test.(老师说周三我们有考试。)
  • The teacher said on Wednesday that we will have a test.(老师在周三说我们有考试。)
  1. 在某些动词后使用"that"通常更好,包括(但不限于)declare, estimate, contend, point out, propose, state:
  • I declare that there is a problem.(我声明存在问题。)
  • I estimate that the chair is four feet wide.(我估计椅子宽四英尺。)
  • She contends that she was here early.(她声称她来得很早。)
  • I would like to point out that you have chores to do.(我想指出你有家务要做。)
  • She proposed that a new rule be adopted.(她提议采纳新规则。)
  • He stated that he did nothing wrong.(他说他没有做错任何事。)
  1. 在从句以after, before, until, while等词开头时,通常建议使用"that":
  • She said that after they are finished, they will meet us.(她说他们完成之后会来见我们。)
  • I know that before dinner she had been out shopping.(我知道晚饭前她出去购物了。)
  • She said that until she was in third grade she couldn't read.(她说直到三年级她还不会阅读。)
  • He thought that while the game was on, he could take a nap.(他认为比赛期间可以小睡一下。)

记住,保留"that"总是正确的。所以,如果你不确定,就使用它。

另一个灰色地带

通常我们使用"who"指人。如果你谈论的是一类人或一个组织,通常使用"that"(或"which")。但是,如果你确实指的是组织里面的人,你可以使用"who"。

  • The tribes that are native to this area are listed here.(这里列出了本地区的土著部落。)
  • The School Board that was just elected will meet tonight.(新当选的校董会今晚开会。)
  • The School Board, who has helped us out with our fundraisers many times, is here tonight.(校董会今晚在这里,他们多次帮助我们筹款。)

最后的思考

"that"没有所有格形式,所以听起来虽然奇怪,但要用"whose"指人和事物:

  • The desk, whose drawers are missing, is being donated to the school.(这个抽屉不见了的书桌将捐赠给学校。)
  • The dog, whose litter mates have all been adopted, needs a good home.(这只小狗的兄弟姐妹都已被领养,它需要一个好家。)
© 2023 北京元石科技有限公司 ◎ 京公网安备 11010802042949号