只有阿伊努人和波利尼西亚人被定位为蒙古人种和赤道人种的过渡类型
只有阿伊努人和波利尼西亚人被定位为蒙古人种和赤道人种的过渡类型
在人类学研究中，阿伊努人和波利尼西亚人因其独特的体质特征而备受关注。他们被定位为蒙古人种和赤道人种的过渡类型，但这种观点在分子人类学研究中受到了挑战。本文将详细探讨这两种人群的起源、特征及其在人类学分类中的争议。
在《体质人类学》里只有阿伊努人和波利尼西亚人被定位为蒙古人种和赤道人种的过渡类型。阿伊努人被认为是澳大利亚人种北上与东北亚人混血的结果，而波利尼西亚人则是南岛马来人与美拉尼西亚人的混合。
比较纯粹的澳大利亚人种应该是这类相貌，塔斯马尼亚土著，眼白比较少(类似于动物)，上面部极低，人种较长，颚部发达，嘴巴极突出，上嘴唇薄，类似于高等灵长类。
人中较长。
西方体质人类学著作多数都认为波利尼西亚人属于高加索人种的子类型，阿伊努人属于高加索人种与蒙古人种的过渡类型，个别学者认为是蒙古人种与澳大利亚人种的混合类型。因为澳大利亚尼格罗人种的头骨形态，狭长颅，低颅、低眶、阔鼻、突颌等赤道特征、卷发黑肤色，但波利尼西亚人和阿伊努人几乎不具备赤道特征。
分子人类学研究结果，彻底否定了国内体质人类学关于波人和阿伊努人的论断。
各人种头骨形态对比，差别极大。
- 澳大利亚人种：狭长颅、低颅、狭面又低、超低眶、特阔鼻、突颌，卷发、黑肤色。
- 阿伊努人：阔颅、略高颅、阔面又扁平、中鼻、超低眶、正颌，波发、肤色浅白。
- 波利尼西亚人：阔颅、高颅、中面却不扁平、中鼻、高眶、平颌、波发、古铜肤色。
两者体质有天壤之别。
原文：Mediterraniform Polynesid variety. Has been noted for its Europoid features, although no close genetic relationship exists. Typical in Samoa, also Marquesas, Tahiti, Easter Island, Fiji, Hawaii, all of Polynesia, but also Solomons, Vanuatu, New Zealand, and parts of New Guinea, where it often blends with Melanesids. Occasionally in the (Lesser) Sunda and Malaca Islands, parts of East Asia.
译文：地中海人种波利尼西亚类型，具有欧洲特点，但与欧洲人没有密切的遗传关系。以萨摩亚为典型代表，不只分布于马克萨斯、新西兰、塔希提、复活岛和夏威夷等波利尼西亚各分支，还有Solomons、斐济、瓦努阿图和新几内亚岛部分地区，混有美拉尼西亚成分，低频分布于（逊尼）巽他和马拉卡群岛、东亚部分地区。
The most common type of Pacific Islanders who inhabit a large area from Melanesia to the Easter Island and Hawaii. Tall, with massive bodies, medium long to short skulls that are often high, brown skin, wavy black hair, and marked facial features with robust chins. The origin has been much disputed, "Out-of-India" and "Out-of-Taiwan" models have been discussed. Most likely the type results from various 一South (East) Asian migrations that started during the Neolithic. Has a Mediterraniform, rather long-skulled Nesiotid variety, more common in Western Polynesia and Tahiti, and a slightly more Mongolid, short-skulled Robust Polynesid variety in Eastern Polynesia (e.g. Hawaii). Among the Maori of New Zealand, a South Polynesid variety can be identified. The Fijid variety blends with Melanesids. Several Pacific Islander populations collapsed after discovery by Europeans, mostly because of diseases. Today the islands are more mixed.
波利尼西亚类型
太平洋岛民中最常见的一种，居住在从美拉尼西亚岛屿到复活节岛和夏威夷的大片地区。身材高大，身体魁梧，中长至短的头骨通常很高，古铜色皮肤，波曲的黑色头发，面部特征明显，下巴粗壮。其起源一直备受争议，“走出印度”和“走出台湾”的模式也曾被讨论过。这种类型很可能是新石器时代开始的各种南亚（东亚）移民的结果。属于地中海人种，相当长的头骨是内西奥特类型的变种，在西波利尼西亚和塔希提岛更为常见，在东玻利尼西亚（如夏威夷）有一种类似蒙古人种的短头骨健壮的玻利尼西亚变种。在新西兰的毛利人中，可以鉴定出一个南波利尼西亚类型。斐济人是内西奥特类型与美拉尼西亚的混合产物。一些太平洋岛民在被欧洲人发现后数量锐减，主要原因是疾病。如今，这些岛屿的情况更加复杂。
Ainuid
Ancient East Asian type that has mostly been restricted to Northern Japan (esp. Hokkaido), Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands in recent centuries. In prehistorical periods probably more widespread from Russia to Indonesia and even West Canada. Preserves many Proto Mongoloid traits of the Paleolithic, similar to Margids and Fuegids of America. Almost extinct today or heavily admixed, because of Japanese colonisation of Hokkaido and assimilation policy in recent centuries. The Aoshima variety has survived into the 20th century. It is short and thickset, fair-skinned long-skulled without the Mongolian fold, robust facial structure, deep-set eyes, wavy or curly hair, and strong pilous growth. In prehistoric Japan other varieties existed, like a tall, robust Tsukumo type and a Miyato Island dwarf type that still appear mixed in the Japanese Chikuzen and Ishikawa types.
爱奴类型
古代东亚类型，近几个世纪主要局限于日本北部（特别是北海道）、库页岛和千岛群岛。在史前时期，从俄罗斯到印度尼西亚甚至加拿大西部可能更为广泛。保留了旧石器时代许多原始蒙古人的特征，类似于美国的玛吉德人和福吉德人。由于日本对北海道的殖民统治和近几个世纪的同化政策，如今几乎灭绝或被大量吞并。青岛品种一直延续到20世纪。短而厚，皮肤白皙，长头骨无蒙古褶皱，面部结构健壮，眼睛深陷，头发卷曲或波浪状，体毛极为旺盛。在史前日本，其他品种存在，像一个健壮的恙虫类型和Miayto岛侏儒类型，仍然出现在日本奇库赞和石川类型混合。
上图所示，波人常染，最接近东亚人。下面所示，波人的头骨形态，最接近华北汉人。