初中英语语法提炼：主动语态与被动语态的转换
初中英语语法提炼：主动语态与被动语态的转换
初中英语语法中，主动语态与被动语态的转换是一个重要的知识点。掌握这一知识点，对于提高英语写作和表达能力具有重要作用。本文将系统介绍主动语态与被动语态转换的各种情况，包括"主+谓+宾"结构、"主+谓+间宾+直宾"结构、"主+谓+宾语+宾补"结构、短语动词的被动语态、祈使句的被动语态以及宾语从句的被动语态。
语态是谓语动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，或者说主语是动作的对象，即主语是谓语动词的逻辑宾语。如：
- We clean the room every day.（我们每天打扫房间。）（we是clean的执行者）
- The room is cleaned every day.（房间每天都打扫。）（room是clean的对象）
注意：由于被动语态的主语是谓语动词的逻辑宾语，因此只有及物动词才可能有被动语态；不及物动词没有被动语态。
"主+谓+宾"结构
由主动语态变为被动语态时，要注意以下几点：
- 把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语；
- 把主动句的谓语动词变为be+过去分词形式；
- 把主动句的主语放到介词by后面组成介词短语，置于被动句后作状语。
例如：
Taotao broke the window yesterday.（昨天涛涛打破了那扇窗子。）
→The window was broken by Taotao yesterday.（那扇窗子是涛涛昨天打破的。）
His speech moved us deeply.（他的讲话使我们深受感动。）
→We were deeply moved by his speech.（我们被他的讲话深深感动了。）
注意：
① 被动语态中的by短语在意思明确的情况下可以省略。如：
- A new law has been passed.（一项新的法律已被通过。）
- Many people were killed in the war.（战争中有许多人丧生。）
② 主动语态如果是带no的否定句，变为被动语态时常常用no，neither或never等。如：
- No one has ever beaten the boy at tennis.（在网球比赛中没有人打败过那个男孩。）
- →The boy has never been beaten at tennis.（在网球比赛中那个男孩从未被打败过。）
③ 否定句中带有any构成的不定代词，变为被动语态时，主语用由no构成的否定代词。如：
- We didn't notice anything special in his work.（我们没有注意到他工作中特殊的地方。）
- →Nothing special was noticed in his work.（他工作中没什么特殊的地方被注意到。）
"主+谓+间宾+直宾"结构
及物动词buy，give，borrow，lend，send，bring，take，ask，teach，show，offer，tell，sell，pay等在句中常常带双宾语，一个指人，一个指物。指人的叫间接宾语，简称间宾；指物的叫直接宾语，简称直宾。含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时，通常只将其中一个宾语作为被动语态的主语。其变化规则为：
- 将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语，直接宾语保留在动词后不变。如：
They offered me a job in the company.（他们在公司里给我提供了一份工作。）
→I was offered a job in the company.
Li Hua showed me his new shoes.（李华给我看他的新鞋子。）
→I was shown his new shoes by Li Hua.
- 将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，谓语动词与间接宾语之间要加上介词to或for。如：
Father gave me a nice present.（爸爸给了我一件精美的礼物。）
→A nice present was given to me by Father.
Mr.Lin booked me a room in the hotel.（林先生在旅店给我订了个房间。）
→A room was booked for me by Mr.Lin in the hotel.
注意：
① 间接宾语前加to的动词有bring，give，hand，pay，lend，offer，pass，post，send，show，take，teach，tell，throw，write等；
② 间接宾语前加for的动词有buy，call，cook，do，get，make，save，book(预订)等。
③ 只用直接宾语作为被动语态的主语的动词bring，do，make，pass，sell，sing，telegraph，write等。如：
He wrote her a letter.（他给她写了一封信。）
→A letter was written to her by him.
My sister made me a doll.（我姐姐给我做了一个玩具。）
→A doll was made for me by my sister.
④ 用间接宾语作被动语态的主语的动词有answer，refuse，save，spare等。如：
- He answered me the question.（他回答了我那个问题。）
- →I was answered the question by him.
"主+谓+宾语+宾补"结构
含有复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)的主动句变为被动句时，将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，而主动句中的宾语补足语保留不动，成为主语补足语。常见动词有call，make，choose，regard，name，believe，paint，think等。如：
We painted the wall white.（我们把墙漆成白色。）
→The wall was painted white by us.（墙被我们漆成了白色。）
I saw the boys playing by the river just now.（我刚才还见那些男孩在河边玩耍。）
→The boys were seen playing by the river just now.（刚才那些男孩还被看见在河边玩耍。）
Someone found the windows broken.（有人发现窗子被打破了。）
→The windows were found broken.（窗子被发现打破了。）
注意：
① 感官动词see，watch，feel，hear，notice，listen to，look at等和使役动词have，make等后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足，但变为被动语态时要加上to。如：
They heard Alice sing a moment ago.（他们刚才听见了艾丽丝唱歌。）
→Alice was heard to sing a moment ago.（刚才听到艾丽丝在唱歌。）
They made me work without rest.（他们逼我不停地干活。）
→I was made to work without rest.（我被迫不停地干活。）
② 动词help后接不定式作宾语补足语时，to可省也可保留，但变被动语态时要保留to，如：
- My brother helped me (to)wash my clothes.（我哥哥帮我洗衣服。）
- →I was helped by my brother to wash my clothes.（我被哥哥帮助洗衣服。）
短语动词的被动语态
(1) 有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，也有被动语态。这些短语动词在主动句中是搭配紧凑且不可分割的词组，所以在变为被动句时不可丢掉原短语中的介词或副词。如：
They often laugh at the old man.（他们常常嘲笑那位老人。）
→The old man was often laughed at.（那位老人常遭人嘲笑。）
We have sent for a doctor.（我们已派人去请医生了。）
→A doctor has been sent for.（已派人去请医生了。）
You must hand in papers at 3 o'clock.（你们必须在三点钟交试卷。）
→Papers must be handed in at 3 o'clock.（试卷必须在三点钟交。）
(2) 在“动词+名词+介词” 结构中，这个名词也可以变成被动句的主语，也就是说，这种结构有两种变为被动句的方法。如：
People paid no attention to me.（人们没有注意到我。）
→No attention was paid to me.
→I was paid no attention to.
Young men must make full use of time.（年轻人必须充分利用时间。）
→Time must be made full use of by young men.
→Full use must be made of time by young men.
You should take good care of children.（你应当照顾好孩子们。）
→Children should be taken good care of (by you).
→Good care should be taken of children (by you).
注意：
此类短语动词主要有make contributions to对……作出贡献，make fun of 取笑，make preparations for为……做好准备，make use of利用，take care of照顾，take notice of注意到，pay attention to注意，set fire to放火等。
祈使句的被动语态
有时部分祈使句也可变为被动式。肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是Let+宾语+be+过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是Don't+let+宾语+be+过去分词(或Let+宾语+not+be+过去分词)。如：
Open the door.（打开门。）
→Let the door be opened.
Let them clean the room.（叫他们打扫房间。）
→Let the room be cleaned.
Let us do it at once.（让我们立即开始。）
→Let it be done at once.
Don't let her do such a thing.（不要让她做这种事。）
→Don't let such a thing be done by her.
宾语从句的被动语态
主动句是含有宾语从句的复合句，在变成被动句时，常用it作形式主语，把主动句中的谓语动词变为被动语态，原宾语从句不动。如：
They believe that the meeting is a success.（他们相信会议是成功的。）
→It is believed that the meeting is a success.
Someone said that the story was false.（据说这个故事是假的。）
→It was said that the story was false.
People say that he has died.（据说他死了。）
→It is said that he has died.
They think that he has made great progress。他们认为他大有进步。
→It is thought that he has made great progress.
→He is thought to have made great progress.
注意：
① 如果宾语从句是“主语+及物动词+宾语”的结构，宾语从句也可以变成被动语态。
- My sister told me that Mother scolded her yesterday.（妹妹对我说昨天母亲斥责她了。）
- I was told that my sister was scolded by Mother yesterday.
② 能接这类宾语从句的动词有believe，consider，expect，know，report，suppose，think等。