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"by the end of"的时态用法详解

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"by the end of"的时态用法详解

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https://m.edu.iask.sina.com.cn/jy/3heWv1H4Ngz.html

"by the end of"是英语中一个常用的短语,用于表示某个时间点之前完成的动作或状态。这个短语的时态用法较为复杂,涉及过去完成时、一般过去时和过去进行时等多种时态。本文将通过具体例句,详细讲解"by the end of"在不同语境下的时态用法,帮助读者更好地掌握这一语法点。

1. 与过去时间连用时的时态选择

当"by the end of"后面接过去时间时,句子的时态通常使用过去时态,包括过去完成时、一般过去时和过去进行时等。

1.1 过去完成时

过去完成时表示在所提及的过去时间之前已完成的动作。句子中通常有两个时间点:一个是"by the end of"后面的时间,另一个是该时间之前的时间。

  • By the end of last month, I had planted thousands of trees.(到上个月末,我已经种了数千棵树了。)
  • By the end of last month, he had been robbed at least three times.(到上月底,他已被抢了至少三次。)
  • I’d had a bellyful of his family by the end of the weekend.(到周末的时候,我已经受够了他一家人。)
  • By the end of the day we had sold over 2000 tickets.(那一天下来我们卖出了两千多张票。)
  • By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.(到那年年底,亨利已收集了一千多张外国邮票。)
  • By the end of the evening she had abandoned all pretence of being interested.(到晚会结束时,她已将假装的兴趣抛得一干二净。)

1.2 一般过去时

一般过去时只表示动词发生在过去,不强调在所提及的过去时间之前已经完成。此时将整个的"by the end of + 过去时间"看作一个整体的过去时间。

  • By the end of that first year, I knew how totally unsuited we were to each other.(到了第一年年底,我明白了我们俩根本不般配。)
  • By the end of 1989 the group had assets of 3.5 billion francs.(到1989年底该集团拥有的资产达35亿法郎。)
  • Italy became a satellite state of Germany by the end of the 1930s.(意大利在 20 世纪 30 年代末成了德国的附庸。)
  • By the end of the year, the rebels had control over the northern territories.(到这一年的年底,叛乱分子已经控制了北方地区。)
  • By the end of the century, France had made peace with Britain.(到那个世纪末,法国和英国议和了。)

1.3 过去进行时

过去进行时表示"by the end of + 过去时间"之前正在进行或发生的情况。

  • By the end of 1942, things were starting to change.(到了 1942 年年末,情况开始有了变化。)
  • By the end of the week, they were all getting on each other’s nerves.(到周末时,他们互相都很反感对方。)
  • That man made me so angry that by the end of the meeting I was spitting blood!(那人真令我生气,到会议结束时我简直恨得咬牙切齿!)

2. 特殊用法

有时"by the end of"所表示的时间并不修饰谓语动词,而是修饰句中的非谓语动词,此时与句子时态无关。

  • We were working full steam ahead to finish the project by the end of April.(为了赶在四月底以前完成这个项目,我们全力以赴。)(by the end of April 修饰不定式 to finish…)

3. 语义特点

"by the end of"往往含有"不迟于"的意味,例如:

  • by the end of January(一月底之前,指一月份结束前的几天)
  • We are to complete the task by the end of the year.(年底之前我们必须完成此项任务。)

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