短语动词的被动语态问题分析

短语动词的被动语态问题分析

在英语语法中，短语动词的被动语态是一个相对复杂且容易出错的领域。短语动词由一个动词加上一个或多个介词或副词构成，这些组合在意义上往往具有独特的含义，因此在转换为被动语态时需要特别注意。本文将详细探讨四种常见的短语动词结构及其在被动语态中的处理方法。

1. 动词 + 介词

这类短语动词相对简单，通常可以直接转换为被动语态。例如：

• Active: She listens to the music.
• Passive: The music is listened to by her.

在这个例子中，“listen to” 是一个动词加介词的短语动词，转换为被动语态时，介词 “to” 仍然保留，只是主语和宾语的位置互换。

2. 动词 + 副词

动词加副词的短语动词在转换为被动语态时，副词一般也保留不变。例如：

• Active: They turned down the offer.
• Passive: The offer was turned down by them.

在这个例子中，“turn down” 是一个动词加副词的短语动词，转换为被动语态时，副词 “down” 仍然保留在动词后面。

3. 动词 + 副词 + 介词

这种结构的短语动词在转换为被动语态时，副词和介词都应保留。例如：

• Active: He ran out of money.
• Passive: The money was run out of by him.

在这个例子中，“run out of” 是一个动词加副词加介词的短语动词，转换为被动语态时，副词 “out” 和介词 “of” 都保留不变。

以上三种情况相对较为简单，因此不再赘述。接下来，我们将重点讨论第四种更为复杂的结构。

4. 动词 + 名词 + 介词

这一类短语动词在转换为被动语态时，需要根据具体情况进行不同的处理。以下是几种常见的情况：

（1）把“动词 + 名词 + 介词”后的宾语或“动词 + 名词 + 介词”中的名词变为被动句的主语

在这种情况下，可以将短语动词中的名词或其后的宾语变为被动句的主语。例如：

• Active: The teacher made an example of the student.
• Passive: The student was made an example of by the teacher.
• Active: She made contributions to the project.
• Passive: Contributions were made to the project by her.
• Active: They made preparations for the event.
• Passive: Preparations were made for the event by them.
• Active: He made use of the resources.
• Passive: The resources were made use of by him.

• Active: She paid attention to the details.
• Passive: The details were paid attention to by her.
• Active: He set his mind on the goal.
• Passive: The goal was set his mind on by him.
• Active: She took advantage of the opportunity.
• Passive: The opportunity was taken advantage of by her.
• Active: He took notice of the changes.
• Passive: The changes were taken notice of by him.

（2）只能把“动词 + 名词 + 介词”后的宾语变为被动句的主语

在某些情况下，只能将短语动词后的宾语变为被动句的主语。例如：

• Active: She caught sight of the bird.
• Passive: The bird was caught sight of by her.
• Active: He got hold of the book.
• Passive: The book was got hold of by him.
• Active: She kept pace with the group.
• Passive: The group was kept pace with by her.
• Active: He lost sight of the car.
• Passive: The car was lost sight of by him.
• Active: She made a fool of herself.
• Passive: Herself was made a fool of by her.
• Active: They made fun of the joke.
• Passive: The joke was made fun of by them.
• Active: He set eyes on the prize.
• Passive: The prize was set eyes on by him.
• Active: She put an end to the meeting.
• Passive: The meeting was put an end to by her.
• Active: He took account of the facts.
• Passive: The facts were taken account of by him.
• Active: She took pity on the homeless.
• Passive: The homeless were taken pity on by her.

（3）只能把“动词 + 名词 + 介词”中的名词变为被动语句的主语

在另一些情况下，只能将短语动词中的名词变为被动句的主语。例如：

• Active: He attached importance to the issue.
• Passive: Importance was attached to the issue by him.
• Active: She drew the audience’s attention to the problem.
• Passive: The audience’s attention was drawn to the problem by her.
• Active: He fixed his attention on the task.
• Passive: His attention was fixed on the task by him.
• Active: She fixed her eyes on the screen.
• Passive: Her eyes were fixed on the screen by her.
• Active: They made a start on the project.
• Passive: A start was made on the project by them.
• Active: He raised an objection to the proposal.
• Passive: An objection was raised to the proposal by him.
• Active: She set her heart on the position.
• Passive: Her heart was set on the position by her.
• Active: He set his sights on the target.
• Passion: His sights were set on the target by him.

（4）没有被动式的“动词 + 名词 + 介词”短语动词

有些短语动词由于其特殊的语义和用法，没有被动形式。例如：

• Active: He gave an ear to the story.
• No passive form: *The story was given an ear to by him.
• Active: They joined hands with the team.
• No passive form: *The team was joined hands with by them.
• Active: She kept an eye on the children.
• No passive form: *The children were kept an eye on by her.
• Active: He laid his hands on the evidence.
• No passive form: *The evidence was laid his hands on by him.
• Active: They shook hands with the guests.
• No passive form: *The guests were shaken hands with by them.
• Active: He shut his eyes to the truth.
• No passive form: *The truth was shut his eyes to by him.
• Active: She took part in the competition.
• No passive form: *The competition was taken part in by her.

通过上述分析，我们可以看到，短语动词的被动语态在不同情况下有不同的处理方法。理解这些规则不仅有助于我们在写作和口语中正确使用被动语态，还能提高我们对英语语法的掌握程度。希望本文的详细解析能帮助读者更好地理解和运用这一语法点。