职称英语考试中如何分析句子结构
职称英语考试中如何分析句子结构
职称英语考试中,句子结构分析是阅读理解部分的重要考点。掌握正确的句子分析方法,可以帮助考生快速理解文章内容,提高解题效率。本文将从谓语动词的性质、主谓关系、动宾关系以及时态的一致性等方面,详细介绍职称英语考试中句子结构分析的方法和技巧。
分析句子的步骤
- 先找出句子的谓语动词,并考虑动词的性质,这是能否正确分析句子的关键。
- 找出和谓语关系最密切的句子成分一主语。审查两者之间的关系是否一致。
- 确认动词性质后,进一步分析动词与其他句子成分的关系。如与宾语、宾语补足语、表语、状语以及与小品词的关系等。
谓语动词
谓语动词是句子的核心。任何时态、语态,语气都是由谓语动词表示出来。所以在分析句子时首先要分析谓语动词。
动词有及物动词和不及物动词。根据他们的功能,可以构成下列几种基本句型:
- 主语+系动词+表语(主系表结构),如:
- This lesson is very difficult.这课很难。
- 主语+不及物动词,如;
- He has come.他已经来了。
- 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾结构),如,
- He reads English everyday. 他每天读英语。
- 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语或主语牛及物动词+直接宾语+介词(to或for等)+间接宾语,如:
- His father bought him 9 new bike yesterday.
- His father bought a new bike for him yesterday,
- 昨天他父亲给他买了一辆新自行车。
- 主语+及物动词+宾语十宾语补语,如:
- We made him our monitor.我们让他当班长。
主谓关系
任何简单的句子都有主语和谓语,在分析主谓关系是否一致时,可从三个方面考虑。即语法上的一致,语言内容上的一致和就近一致。
- 语法上的一致:指谓语动词的形式要与主语的形式一致。主浯为单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。这个法则符合语法形式上一致的原则。
以单数名词或代词,动词不定式短语,动名词短浯或从句做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。以what引起的从句做主语时,在大多数情况下其后面的谓语动词也用单数形式。如:
- What we have seen is different[rom what we have heard.
- (what从句作主语,动词用单数)
- To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly,
- (不定式短语作主语)
- A great deal of work has been done to improve the people's living standard.
- (不可数名词作主语)
用“and,”和“both … and”连接的并列主语,谓语动词多用复数形式,但并列主语如果指同一人、同一事物或同一概念的时候,and后面的名词没有冠词,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
- Both the man and his wife want to go to the cinema.
- The poet and writer has come.
- Bread and butter is daily food in the West.
主语是单数后面跟as well as,with,besides,along with,together with等,谓语动词仍用单数,如:
- The teacher as well as the students likes this novel.
- My sister,together with Jane and James,is gone.
一些有复数的名词,例如clothes.scissors,trousers,scales,spectacles等,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式,但如在成双的东西的名词前面有apairo{时,其谓语动词用单数。如:
- My trousers are being mended。
- This pair of scissors belongs to me。
有些词尾有“s”的学科名称,做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
- Mathematics is taught here。
- 语言内容上的一致:主要指从意义上考虑主谓一致的问题。主语形式上为单数,但意义上为复数,谓语动词要用复数形式;主语形式上是复数,但意义上为单数,谓语动词用单数形式。
- One hundred tons of water were used last week.(强调数量)
- Ten minutes is enough.(强调整体)
- News is travelling fast nowadays.
- This glass works was built in 1985。
有复数意义的名词,如:police,militia,people,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
- The police are trying to catch the thief who has stolen a bike。
- Cattle feed on grass。
有些集合名词,如;family,group,crowd,class,audience,government,committee。说话人把它们所表示的人或事当做整体看时,作单数看待,谓语动词用单数形式;说话者把它们表示的人或事物当做若干个体来看时,作复数看待,谓语动词也用复数形式。如:
- My family is large。
- My family are anxious about his safety。
- 就近一致:由并列连词如:whether...or,not only...but also,either...or,neither...nor,or连接的并列主语,谓语动词与其最近的主语保持一致。如:
- Either his friends or his brother is wrong。
- Either his brother or his friends are wrong。
- Not only you but also he is wrong。
- Not only he but also you are wrong。
动宾关系
在确认动词性质后,要注意审查其后面的宾语。要特别注意宾语应该用动词不定式还是应该用动名词;宾语补足语是应该带to还是不应该带to;动词后带的动名词或动词不定式的意义基本相同还是意义不同。
时态的一致
某些从句特别是宾语从句的谓语动词的时态,常受主句谓语动词的时态的影响,这种现象称为时态的呼应或时态的一致。因而在分析复合句时要注意主句和从句的时态的一致性。
主句的谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句的谓语动词可以用任何需要的时态。
- It is said that a new hospital is going to be put up there next year。(现在时后接将来时)
- Do you know 他昨天为什么没有来?
- A.why he did not come yesterday
- B.why he not come yesterday
- C。why didn't he come yesterday
- D.why did he not come yesterday
- 现在时后接过去时。答案A
- I'll write to him when I arrive there。(主句将来时,从句现在时。)
主句的时态是过去时,从句的谓语动词一般也用过去时。
- 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生时,从句谓语动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。
- He told me that his uncle...(fly)to Britain the next month。
- (答案would fly)
- She told me that her daughter was doing her homework。
- 从句谓语动词的动作先于主句谓语动词的动作,从句用过去完成时,如:
- She said she had seen the film before。
- She said she had finished the work an hour before。
- 从句的谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之后,从句谓语动词用过去将来时。如:
- She said she would come again。
- He told me he would join the army the next year。
但是如果从句有表示过去的具体时间状语,谓语动词发生的动作虽在主句的谓语动词的动作之前,仍用一般过去时。如:
- Johntold us hismotherdiedin 1967。
如果从句表示的是不受时间限制的真理或事实,即使主句的谓语动词是过去时态,从句仍用一般现在时。如:
- The teacher told the students water boils at 100C。
- She said twice two is four。