托福听力地质学话题背景知识:深入理解火山成因与板块运动的联系
托福听力地质学话题背景知识:深入理解火山成因与板块运动的联系
托福听力中的地质学话题常常涉及地球的内部结构、地质活动以及地表现象。虽然这些内容对缺乏相关背景知识的考生来说可能显得复杂,但只要掌握一些基本概念,你就会发现这些材料不仅更容易理解,而且非常有趣。今天,我们将重点讨论火山,特别是火山的类型、喷发机制及其对地球表面的影响。通过了解这些火山现象,你将更好地理解火山的形成原因及其与板块运动之间的联系。接下来,让我们一起深入探索这些引人入胜的火山现象!
火山是地球内部岩浆(magma)通过地壳裂隙或火山口喷发到地表的地质现象。岩浆是地下的熔融岩石,喷出地表后称为熔岩(lava)。火山活动通常与板块运动或热点(hotspots)相关,是地球内部能量释放的重要方式。火山喷发不仅塑造了地球表面的地貌(如火山岛、熔岩平原),还可能引发一系列直接和次生灾害,如熔岩流、火山灰、气候变化等。通过研究火山,科学家可以更好地理解地球内部的动力学过程及其对地表环境的影响。
图源:千库网
火山的形成过程:
👉1. 岩浆上升(Magma Ascent):
地球内部的高温使得岩石熔化,形成岩浆(Magma)。这些岩浆由于密度较低,会沿着地壳的裂缝上升。
👉2. 喷发(Eruption):
当岩浆到达地表时,会以熔岩流(Lava Flow)、火山灰(Volcanic Ash)、火山气体(Volcanic Gases)等形式喷发出来。这些喷发物质在地表堆积,逐渐形成火山。
👉3. 火山演化(Volcanic Evolution):
随着时间的推移,火山可能经历多次喷发,形成不同类型的火山地貌,如盾状火山(Shield Volcano)、火山渣锥(Cinder Cone)、复合火山(Composite Volcano)等。
火山的形成理论:
火山的形成主要与地球内部的岩浆活动和地壳的运动有关。科学家们提出了多种理论来解释火山的起源和活动,以下是其中的主要理论:
👉1. 板块构造理论(Plate Tectonics Theory):
地球的外壳由多个板块(Tectonic Plates)组成,这些板块在地幔(Mantle)上漂浮并相互作用。当板块发生碰撞(Collision)、分离(Separation)或滑移(Sliding)时,会导致地壳破裂,岩浆上升,形成火山。例如,环太平洋火山带(Ring of Fire)就是板块边界活动的结果。
👉2. 热点理论(Hotspot Theory):
有些火山位于板块内部,远离板块边界。这种现象通常与地球内部的“热点”(Hotspot)有关,即地幔深处的高温区域。岩浆从这些热点上升,穿透地壳,形成火山。夏威夷群岛(Hawaiian Islands)就是典型的例子。
👉3. 熔岩回流理论(Mantle Plume Theory):
该理论认为,是一种关于地幔对流的解释,认为地幔中的物质在高温高压下发生熔融,形成熔岩,地幔中存在上升的热柱(Mantle Plume),这些热柱从地幔深处上升,携带大量热能和物质,穿透地壳形成火山。这一理论可以解释一些远离板块边界的火山活动。
👉4. 裂缝假说(Crack Hypothesis):
一些学者提出,地壳的拉伸(Tension)和薄化(Thinning)可能导致裂缝(Crack)的形成,岩浆沿地壳中的断裂带或裂隙溢出地表,这样形成的火山通道在地表呈窄而长的线状,向下呈墙壁状。这类火山喷发没有强烈的爆炸现象,喷发温和宁静。这种理论试图解释一些不符合板块构造和热点理论的火山活动。
需要注意的是,尽管这些理论在解释火山活动方面提供了有价值的视角,但目前尚无统一的理论能够全面解释所有火山的形成机制。
图源:千库网
通过以上的背景知识,我们可以更好的理解下面这篇文章的内容:
OK , We know the earth’s surface, the crust, is made up of tectonic plates and that these huge slabs of rocky crust are slowly sliding over or under or past each other. And we’ve said that most of the world’s volcanoes occurred at the boundaries of these tectonic plates when you have hot molten rocks squeezing up through gaps between the plates.
But some volcanoes occur not at the edges, but in the middle of a continental or oceanic plate, the Hawaiian Island for example, are thousands of kilometers away from any plate boundary and yet, you have vast amounts of magma, molten rock or lava flowing up through the earth’s crust, which means of course that volcanic activity there can’t be explained simply by plate tectonics.
So how do we explain these volcanic anomalies, these exceptions to the general rule?
Well, back in 1963, a geophysicist by the name of Wilson came up with a hot-spot theory to explain how this particular type of volcanic activity can occur and can go on for maybe tens or even hundreds of millions of years. Wilson’s theory was that hot spots exist below tectonic plates and they are the cause of these volcanoes. But what causes the hot spots? Well, the most popular theory that's been proposed is the plume hypothesis.
根据上面的内容,我们看下面这道题:
According to the professor, why was the hot spot theory originally proposed?
A. To explain prolonged volcanic activity far from plate boundaries
B. To explain why volcanoes form both on land and in the ocean
C. To explain variations in the amounts of magma produced by volcanoes
D. To explain why volcanoes may become inactive after millions of years
这是一个考察细节信息的题;
题干中问到hot spot theory的提出原因,那就要在介绍这个理论的部分去找答案;
从听力段落中可知,绝大部分的火山都是板块边界出现的“And we’ve said that most of the world’s volcanoes occurred at the boundaries of these tectonic plates ……“。随后教授通过一个转折关系强调,在板块边界远离的地方,仍然有长期的火山活动,比如夏威夷群岛,这些不能靠之前的理论进行解释“But some volcanoes occur not at the edges……which means of course that volcanic activity there can’t be explained simply by plate tectonics.”。
所以热点理论是为了解释这种特殊情况而出现的“…...the hot spot theory was proposed to explain volcanic activity occurring far from plate boundaries......” 这清楚地说明了热点理论提出的背景。
根据我们背景知识的内容,我们知道火山的形成有很多种理论,这些理论的存在就是在相互补充和解释不同的,并且在做题的时候你会有预判性,会知道你可能会听到的内容。例如夏威夷的火山是属于热点理论,盾形火山。
答案:A
我们在看一段内容:
These critics have put forth a number of alternative theories, all unproven so far. But one well-regarded theory is the crack hypothesis, which assumes that hot spots are created when a piece of the crust gets stretched thinner and thinner and the resulting stress causes small cracks to open up a weak spot in the crust.
And it’s through these cracks that magma pushes up to form volcanoes. Proponents of crack hypothesis consider this a wide-spread phenomenon and believe that magma’s not coming up from deep within the earth’s interior but rather from just beneath the surface crust.
This hypothesis is attractive because it fits with what we’ve ready known about plate tectonics and it fits what we know about some secondary smaller hot spots. But how well does it explain the Hawaiian Islands? Could a series of random cracks produce the same particular string of islands that sequence so neatly from old to young? you know it worries me when a theory depends on coincidence to produce results.
根据上面的内容,我们看下面这道题:
According to the crack hypothesis, what causes a hot spot?
A. Hot magma rises from deep in Earth to melt a piece of the crust.
B. Hot magma flows out through a break in the side of an active volcano.
C. Hot magma flows up through spaces created between tectonic plates as they move.
D. Hot magma flows up at a point where a tectonic plate has been stretched thin.
这是一个考察细节信息的题(理论);
通过题干中的crack hypothesis,我们就在文中这个假说的内容中寻找答案;
文中提到,裂缝假说认为,当地壳被拉伸并变薄时,裂缝形成,岩浆通过这些裂缝上升并形成火山。与回流假说不同,裂缝假说认为热岩浆并非来自地球深处,而是来自地壳下层。
“…...hot spots are created when a piece of the crust gets stretched thinner and thinner and the resulting stress causes small cracks to open up…...” 这清楚地表明了裂缝假说的核心观点。
根据背景知识我们得知裂缝理论是一种另一种解释热点理论的假说,是一种热点理论的延伸,这是解释一些不符合板块构造和热点理论的火山活动。
答案:D
两道题考察的点都是我们在背景知识介绍的内容,如果我们提前有了一定了解,对于理解文章传达的内容会更加清晰,帮助我们更好的完成题目。