whether 和 if 区别与习题
whether 和 if 区别与习题
在英语学习中,"whether"和"if"的用法常常让人感到困惑。它们虽然都可以表示"是否",但在具体使用场景和语境中却有着不同的要求。本文将详细解析"whether"和"if"的区别,并通过大量例句帮助读者更好地掌握它们的用法。
基本用法
- 引导宾语从句时通常可以互相替换, 口语中多用 if 代替 whether.
常放在动词ask 、see 、say 、know和find out 等后面.
- Nobody knows whether (if) it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨.
- Lucy asked whether (if) they had a cotton sweater .露西问他们是否有棉制的羊毛衣.
- Ask if/whether she would take the apple.
- if 引导条件状语从句, "假如;如果", 而whether引导让步状语从句, "不管;无论" ;
- If you ask him, he will help you.
- I shall go, whether you come with me or stay at home.
只能用whether的情况:
- 强调两方面的选择, 特别是whether or not连用时.
- He didn't say whether or not he'll be staying here.
- Let me know whether you can come or not.
但是,当or not 句子后置,也可以用if . (伦道夫. 夸克,1998《朗文英语语法大全》)
- He didn't say if he'll be staying here or not.
- 宾语从句前置时.
- Whether this is true, I can't say.
- 引导主语、表语、同位语从句时.
- Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather. (主语从句)
- The question is whether he can do it. (表语从句)
- The question whether we should go with them must be decided at once. (同位语从句)
- 在介词之后作介词的宾语时。
- I haven't settled the question of whether I'll go back home.
- 在不定式前与不定式一起组成词组时.
- Whether to go or stay is still a question.
- 在discuss, decide 等动词后作宾语时.
- We discussed whether we should go there by plane.
if 可以用来引导一个否定的宾语从句, whether则不能用来引导否定的宾语从句, 因为它表示正反两方面的选择意义比较强.
- Tell me if it is not going to rain,please.
- 请告诉我明天是否不会下雨.
- He considered if he shouldn't tell her the secret.
- 他考虑他是否不该告诉她这个秘密.
if或whether引导宾语从句时,要注意三个方面, 即连词、语序和时态.
1) if或whether不能和that 或其它连词(副词)同时使用,也不能省去;
- 我不知道他今天是否会来.
- [误] I don’t know that if(whether) he will come here today .
- [正] I don’t know if(whether) he will come here today .
- 他走过来看看猫是否出了毛病.
- [误] He came to see what if (whether) there was wrong with his cat .
- [正] He came to see if (whether) there was wrong with his cat .
2) if或whether引导的宾语从句时,虽具有疑问意义,但从句语序应用陈述句语序;
- Did you know the way to the hospital ? The old woman asked me .
- The old woman asked me if (whether) I knew the way to the hospital .
- 老妇人问我是否知道去医院的路.
3 )if或whether引导的宾语从句应和主句的时态保持一致。即主句为一般现在时, 从句用任一种时态;主句为一般过去时,从句则用过去时中的任一种时态.如:
- I don’t know if (whether) he has come here . 我不知道他是否来过这儿.
- Tom asked if (whether) I had read the book . 汤姆问我是否看过这本书 .
特殊情况
1) 在动词不定式之前只能用whether .如:
- I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下.
2) 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中.如:
- I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息.
3) 在介词后,只能用whether.如:
- His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作.
4)宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether .如:
- Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题.
5)凡可能引起歧义的地方,有时为了区别是疑问分句还是条件句,有必要用语调或标点来分隔。
- Could you tell me if you know the answer ?
这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”.如用whether可避免歧义.疑问分句:
I'll tell you later if/whether I can find the time.
条件句:
I'll tell you later, if I can find the time = If I can find the time, I'll tell you later.
所以,用 if 会引起歧义时, 不妨只用whether。