英语定语从句完全解析：关系代词与关系副词的使用规则
英语定语从句完全解析：关系代词与关系副词的使用规则
定语从句是英语学习中的一个重要语法点，正确理解和使用定语从句对于提高英语表达能力和阅读理解能力至关重要。本文将系统地介绍定语从句的相关知识，包括关系代词、关系副词的使用规则，以及限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别，通过大量例句帮助读者掌握这一语法点。
关系代词与关系副词
能做定语的词性：
- 前四：名、形、数、代
- 后七：副、介（短）、形（短）、从句、非谓语动词
定语从句所修饰的名词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括：
- 关系代词: who/whom/whose(适用于人） which（适用于物） that （两者均可），介词后只能用whom
- 关系副词：when where why how
关系代词等于先行词，在句中做成分，不做主语时可省略。
she is the gril that I like. (that==the girl),也可以用who/whom 引导宾语可省略
she is the girl that sings well. (that == the girl) , 作主语不能省略, 也可以用who，但不能用whom
she is the girl that/who/whom I care about. (介宾）
she is the girl about whom I care. 介词后只能用whom
This is the phone that I bought. 作宾语能省略，也可用which
This is the phone that costs me 100 Yuan. 作主语不能省略, 也可用which
注：引导主宾表从句的词叫连词，而在定语从句却叫关系代词，定语从句的引导词与主宾表的引导词有何不同？
- I know the person who/that you worked with. （可省略）
- I have never seen the person who/that you told me. （可省略）
- I don’t like the person who don’t stop talking. (作主语，不能省略）
连词和关系词的对比：
- This is what I bought. what仅起连接作用，如果去掉则主句不成立。
- This is the phone that I bought. that引导的从句仅仅是对先行词起修饰关系，去掉后主句仍然成立。
关系代词作主语时不会出现介词，而从句中会出现介词的三种结构：
- 主谓：I know the person who you are looking for (谓语是不及物动词加介词)
- 主谓宾：I know the person who you bought the phone with.
- 主系表: I know the person who he is worried about.
关系代词只能用that的情况
- 先行词是不定代词: all/some/any/few/little/none/nothing/anything/everything/each
- this is all that I know.
- All that can be done has already been done.
- All that I want is just money.
- there is little that I can help you with.
- All that can make me happy is money.
- 先行词被不定代词修饰：little/few/some/any/much
Any person that wants to learn English well must study hard.
He spent all the money that you gave him.
This is the plan that he agrees on.
agree短语: agree with sb（平等）, agree to sb(被迫同意），agree on 就某件事同意
There isn’t much money left that he gave me.
there are some people that you may know in the meeting.
there are some people that you may have learnt English with in the meeting.
there are some people that may have hurt you.
- 先行词被the only/the last/the very修饰时，只能用that。
- the last word that he said is no
- his wife is the only person that he want to meet.
- the only person that I feel sorry for is my mother.
- he is the only person that cried. 他是唯一哭了的人。(主谓）
- he is the only person that is in trouble. （主系表）
- 先行词是序数词时, 只能用that
- This is the first thing that I want to say.
- This is the second time that I went to America for.
- 先行词被最高级修饰时
- the most responsible doctor that I have ever seen is him.
- 先行词同时包含人或物时
- He talked about the people and books that he is interested in.
- 当句子是who/what/which引导的疑问句时，为了避免重复，就用that
- who is the person that has white hair.
关系副词when引导定语从句
- Do you still remember those days when we were together?
- Do you still remember the first day when you came here?
- Do you still remember the day when you first came here?
- He will never forget those days when he even couldn’t afford the rent. 他永远都忘不了他连房租都付不起的日子。
- His father died in the year when he went to the college.
关系副词where
- This is the place where I lived last year.
- The parking lot(停车场) is a place where you can park your car.
- Great changes have taken place in the place where I was born. 我出生的地方发生了巨大的变化。
关系副词why
- Give me a reason why I shouldn’t kill you.
关系副词和关系代词的等价转换
关系副词 == 介词 + 关系代词 == 介词 + 先行词（两者均可以作状语）
- Do you still remember the first day on that you came here. (关系代词等于先行的名词，而从句you came here 是一个完整的句子，不能再直接加名词，所以必须中间加介词才能作状语）
- the parking lot is a place at which you can park your car. 停车场是一个你能停车的地方。 （at/in都可以，at适用于小地方，in适用于大地方）
- His father died in the year in which he went to the colledge.
- Bejing is the city which I was born in. (介词可以放关系代词前，也可以放最后)
- I don’t know the reason which he looks unhappy for.
介词的选择：
- 关于时间：at the time, on the day, in the year.
- 关于地点：in 大地方/密闭更强 , at 小地方/密闭不强
- 关于原因：for
不带介词的that/which(不能变成when/where/why)
- This is the place that he likes. (that在这里只是作名词，不能变成副词where)
- This is the reason that he gave me. (不能变成why)
- those were the days which he will never forget.
- I will never forget those days which we spent together.
带介词但和时间、地点、原因无关（不能变成when/where/why) - This is the reason which I don’t want to listen to . (to which 在这里并不是表原因）
非限定性定语从句
关系代词：who/whom/which/whose
关系副词：when/where
适用场景：先行词越具体、唯一性越强，越适合使用非限定性定语从句。
非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略.
限定性定语从句： 定语从语，从句不能去掉，否则句子意思就会改变
- I like dogs which are loyal to people. 我喜欢对人类忠诚的狗。
非限定性定语从句： 逗号隔开，相当于两个句子并列，两个句子有共同的成分，去掉从句依然成立。 - I like dogs, which are loyal to people. 我喜欢狗，狗对人类忠诚。
- I know tom, who is my friend.
非限定性定语从句中，如果who作宾语，只能用whom.
- That person, whom I met, is a boss. 那个人我见过，他是一个老板。
- The movie, whose leading actor is chen long, is great. 那部电影很好看，主角是成龙。
- The book , whose author is LiLong, sold well.
- I can go with you on weekends, when I am free. 我周末可以陪你去，那时候有空。
- His father died in that year, when he went to colledge.
- They went to Beijing, where I stayed for years.
- Chengdu is a beautiful city, where many people would like to go.
of which/whom which可以代表句子中的各种成分，也可以代表句子
- He bought two books, neither of which is interesting. 他买了两本书，哪本都没意思。
- I have many friends, most of whom live in Beijing.
- There are many people in the party, 80% of whom are women.
- He is a teacher, which I am not. 他是名都是，而我不是。
- He is careless, which we shouldn’t be. 他总是很马虎，我们不应该这样 （which指代的是careless)
- My friend was born abroad, which I don’t want my friend to be.
- This car is 30% off, which that car isn’t. 这辆车打7折，那辆车不是。
- He didn’t finish his homework, which makes me angry.
as只能代表整句： as可以放前面或后面，which只能放后面
- as we all know, TaiWan is a part of china.
- Tai wan is a part of china, as is known to everyone. (as == which)
- The missing plane has been found, as is reported. 正如报道的那样，丢失的飞机已经被找到了。
- As has been discussed, we should give up the plan.
- As I said, I won’t help you. 正如我说的那样，我不会帮你的。
- As you heard, he will go to Beijing.
- As you can see, he is a good teacher.
- As is often the case, he failed.