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肺部高分辨CT(HRCT):支气管扩张症的影像学表现

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肺部高分辨CT(HRCT):支气管扩张症的影像学表现

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http://www.360doc.com/content/24/0617/15/58229565_1126440551.shtml

支气管扩张症是一种常见的肺部疾病,其特征是气道的永久性扩张和损伤。高分辨CT(HRCT)是诊断支气管扩张症的首选方法,能够清晰显示气道的细微结构变化。本文将详细介绍支气管扩张症在HRCT上的影像学表现及其临床意义。

支气管扩张/症,Bronchiectasis,bronchi-,词源希腊语 bronkhia,支气管,the bronchial tubes;-ectasis,ektasis,a stretching out, extension, dilation,扩张。

支气管扩张和支气管扩张症是两个不同的概念,虽然都可以简称支扩,前者是支气管的病理改变,主要是支气管腔增大,后者是疾病名称,是一组临床表现,包括慢性咳嗽、每日咳黏痰,伴有气道扩张和支气管壁增厚。支气管扩张不仅是支气管扩张症的表现,也见于其他很多肺疾病,比如,肺的囊性纤维化,肺结核,细支气管炎等等,此外支气管扩张症的肺部病理以及CT表现也不仅仅是支气管的扩张,也包括其他,比如,纤维化,炎症,树芽征,马赛克征等等。

Bronchiectasis,a condition in which airways of the lungs肺部气道 remain permanently damaged永久性损伤 and widened扩大 due to persistent infection持续的感染. This causes accumulation of excess mucus过量粘液 and bacteria resulting in frequent infections and breathing problems.

支气管扩张的首选成像方式是MDCT(multidetector computed tomography,多排螺旋CT),可达到层面厚度≤1mm(高分辨率)和高空间频率。没有MDCT时可用HRCT。

HRCT已取代支气管造影成为诊断支气管扩张的首选方法。HRCT has replaced bronchography as the method of choice for diagnosingbronchiectasis。

支气管扩张在HRCT或MDCT上的主要特征包括:

●气道扩张(dilatation),可检测到平行线(parallel (tram) lines)(轨道征)或支气管垂直于扫描层面时呈环状影(ring shadows)。气道管腔直径≥邻近血管直径的1.5倍(称为气道-动脉比或支气管动脉比),提示柱状支气管扩张(cylindrical bronchiectasis)。印戒征(signet-ring sign)是支气管扩张的典型特征,是指横截面上存在下述表现:扩张、充气的支气管与肺动脉的较小结节状影(the smaller nodular opacity of a pulmonary artery)相邻.

●一些健康人和哮喘患者可能有支气管扩张区域,因此有气道扩张且气道没有表现出朝胸腔外周逐渐变细(Lack of tapering towards the periphery of the chest)可能比单纯支气管扩张更具特异性。

●在距离肋胸膜面(costal pleural surface)1cm内能看到气道,或气道接触纵隔胸膜(touching the mediastinal pleura)。

●支气管扩张累及的气道可能含黏脓栓(mucopurulent plugs)或碎屑(debris ),伴阻塞后空气潴留(postobstructive air trapping)。小气道受累时,可见到外周有不规则的短(2-4mm)线状分枝纹理,称为“树芽征”。虽然树芽征可能强烈提示误吸和/或细菌感染,但持续存在这些表现要怀疑与非结核分枝杆菌(nontuberculous mycobacteria,NTM)感染明显相关的支气管扩张。

●支气管壁出现囊状扩张(Cysts off the bronchial wall)是更具破坏性的支气管扩张的特征。在严重受累区域,囊状扩张簇集(clustered )呈葡萄串样(囊状支气管扩张,cystic bronchiectasis)。肺气肿中可见的肺大疱(bleb),疱壁较薄且不伴近端气道改变。

HRCT上还可能出现一些其他表现,但并非支气管扩张的特征,对支气管扩张均不具有诊断价值(none of which are diagnostic of bronchiectasis):

●肺段或肺叶实变(由肺炎导致)。

●淋巴结增大,很可能是对感染产生的反应。

●低衰减和血管破坏区域(Areas of low attenuation and vascular disruption,mosaic pattern),这可能是由小气道中炎症过程的扭曲作用导致。

bronchioles 细支气管; bronchi 支气管

支气管扩张症的病因可以从受累气道的头-尾或中轴-外围分布推测(the cranio-caudal or axial-to-periphery distribution of involved airways):中心性(perihilar肺门周围)分布提示 ABPA(过敏性支气管肺曲霉病,allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis);分布于上叶是CF(囊性纤维化,cystic fibrosis)或其某种变异型的特点;分布于中、下叶符合PCD(原发性纤毛运动障碍,primary ciliary dyskinesia);右肺中叶和左肺上叶舌段受累是NTM感染的特征;下叶受累是特发性支气管扩张的典型表现lower lobe involvement istypical ofidiopathic bronchiectasis。

分布在肺上部或中部的支气管扩张症(Bronchiectases with upper or mid-lung)见于囊性纤维化(cystic fibrosis)、结节病(sarcoidosis)、结核病(tuberculosis)和变应性支气管肺曲霉病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)。

分布在肺前部或腹侧的支气管扩张症(Bronchiectases with anterior or ventral)见于非典型分枝杆菌感染atypical mycobacterial infection,是ARDS的后遗症(急性呼吸道窘迫综合症,sequela of acute respiratory distress syndrome)。

分布在肺下部的支气管扩张(Bronchiectases with lower lung)见于慢性误吸chronic aspiration、肺纤维化pulmonary fibrosis、原发性纤毛运动障碍primary ciliary dyskinesia、普通变异型免疫缺陷病(common variable immunodeficiency, CVID)和α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency。

分布在肺中央(Bronchiectases with central,第4-6级支气管中)的支气管扩张见于气管支气管巨大症tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn综合征)、Williams-Campbell综合征和变应性支气管肺曲霉病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis,ABPA)。

局灶性支气管扩张症(Bronchiectases with lower lung)可见于支气管内肿瘤、支气管周围肿瘤endobronchial or peribronchial tumors和Swyer-James-McLeod综合征。

弥漫性支气管扩张症(Diffuse bronchiectases)可见于弥漫性闭塞性细支气管炎bronchiolitis obliterans患者,也可见于CVID合并肉芽肿性淋巴细胞性间质性肺病granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease,一种坏死性淋巴细胞增生性病变necrotizing and lymphoproliferative disease。此类患者表现为广泛的实性或磨玻璃样微结节和主要分布在肺下叶的光滑小叶间隔增厚smooth interlobular septal thickening,并伴有肺门淋巴结肿大enlarged hilar lymph nodes。

Bronchiectatic airwaysare easily seen as:

Tubular structures管状结构that do not taper逐渐变细 and can be seenwithin 1 cm of the pleura胸膜。

The dilated bronchi are usually 1.5 times wider in diameter than the accompanying pulmonary artery branch. This cross-sectional configuration resembles asignet ring印戒征and is therefore called the signet ring orCabochon ring sign凸圆环征。

Larger bronchiectatic cysts囊状支气管扩张can mimic bullae类似肺大疱, but their location in the central肺中央rather than the subpleural region胸膜下区域and their segmental clustering节段性聚集are suggestive of bronchiectatic cysts.

气道重塑remodeling 时,由于软骨皱缩corrugation of cartilage和黏液腺肥大hypertrophy of mucus glands,也会出现支气管壁增厚伴管腔不规则改变luminal irregularities。

支气管憩室diverticulosis 的病因是支气管腺体导管局部凹陷focal depression、融合和扩张fusion, and dilation,穿过肌纤维向外疝出dilation of bronchial gland ducts,在重度吸烟者中发生率为12%。

部分缩窄性细支气管炎(bronchiolitis obliterans, also called constrictive bronchiolitis)的患者可伴轻度的相关支气管扩张和支气管扩张症(mild associated bronchial dilation and bronchiectasis)。

误吸、亚洲患者的弥漫性泛细支气管炎(diffuse panbronchiolitis)、哮喘、炎症后支气管扩张(postinflammatory bronchiectasis)和囊性纤维化(cystic fibrosis)可出现“树芽征”(Cellular bronchiolitis with nodules and branching lines, or 'tree-in-bud' pattern)。

Tree-in-bud sign or patterndescribes the CT appearance of multiple areas ofcentrilobular nodules小叶中心结节with a linear branching pattern. Although initially described in patients with endobronchial tuberculosis支气管结核, it is now recognized in a large number of conditions.

肺纤维化时可见的“牵引性支气管扩张”。当肺实质因纤维化而扭曲变形时,气道可能会被扩张或被牵拉,类似于支气管扩张;但在这种情况下,不会出现支气管扩张的其他特征。Another confounding diagnosis is the 'traction bronchiectasis' seen in pulmonary fibrosis. When the lung parenchyma is distorted by fibrosis, the airways can be dilated or pulled to simulate bronchiectasis; in this setting, however, the other features of bronchiectasis are absent.

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