详解英语不定式（to do）的用法

详解英语不定式（to do）的用法

不定式是英语中一种重要的非限定动词形式，在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等多种成分。本文将详细讲解不定式的构成、特征及其在句子中的具体用法，并列举学生在使用不定式时常犯的错误，帮助读者更好地掌握这一语法点。

动词不定式的构成与特征

动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，由"to+动词原形”构成，在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也保留动词的一些特征，可以带宾语或状语。具体来说：

• 动词不定式:to do相当于①名词(可作主语)；②形容词(可作定语)；③副词(可作状语)。

• 否定式:not+to do

• 动词不定式常作:主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。

不定式作主语

不定式可以在句子中作主语，通常由"it"作形式主语，不定式则移至谓语之后。

• To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe.
  这样做是削足适履。

• It is no exaggeration to say that friendship is to people what perfume is to flowers.
  可以毫不夸张地说，友谊对于人正如同芬芳对于花儿。

不定式作宾语

不定式可以在句子中作宾语，有时需要使用"it"作形式宾语。

• As for those college students from economically humble background，governmental assistance could help to ease the financial burden of rising education costs.
  对于贫困大学生，政府的援助可以缓解上涨的学费压力。

• I believe it best to leave the matter entirely to children's discretion.
  我认为把这件事情完全交给孩子自行决定是比较好的做法。

不定式作表语

不定式可以在句子中作表语。

• The next step is to ensure that all the children in developing countries can have free access to compulsory education.
  下一步要确保发展中国家所有的孩子能接受义务教育。

• What we should do is to absorb the essence and discard the dregs.
  我们要做的是取其精粹，去其糟粕。

不定式作定语

不定式可以在句子中作定语。

• The government should organise some large-scale campaigns to arouse people's awareness of environmental protection.
  政府应组织一些大规模的活动来唤醒人们的环保意识。

• Nowadays, with the wide application of computers, many adults feel the pressing need to acquire computer literacy.
  现如今，随着电脑的广泛应用，许多成年人感到学习电脑知识的迫切需要。

不定式作目的状语

不定式可以在句子中作目的状语。

• To associate/mingle with friends, we should be honest and open.
  为了结交朋友，我们应当诚实并且开朗。

• Our government should take stronger and harsher measures to combat the littering behaviour.
  我们的政府应当采取更强有力的措施来防止乱丢垃圾的行为。

不定式作宾语补足语

不定式可以在句子中作宾语补足语。

• The 21st century requires us to be equipped with advanced knowledge.
  21世纪要求我们用先进的知识武装自己。

• Advanced intelligent machines such as robots enable people to work more efficiently and comfortably.
  先进的智能机器如机器人能使人们工作得更加高效和舒适。

常见错误及纠正

学生在使用不定式时常犯以下错误：

• 错误：That is very difficult to find a satisfactory job without a diploma nowadays.

• 正确：It is very difficult to find a satisfactory job without a diploma nowadays.

• 错误：He hoped his sister to lend him a hand.

• 正确：He hoped that his sister would lend him a hand.

• 错误：I suggested him not to go there alone.

• 正确：I suggested that he not go there alone.

此外，有些形容词不能用于"人称代词(it除外)+be+形容词+不定式"结构，如probable, impossible, easy, hard, necessary, convenient等。

• 错误：He is probable to make mistakes.

• 正确：He is liable to make mistakes.

• 错误：I am impossible to finish it today.

• 正确：It is impossible for me to finish it today.